Is Turkey a good place to live?

August 30, 2024

English

Turkey has long captivated the imagination of travelers and expats alike, with its rich history, diverse culture, and stunning landscapes. From the bustling streets of Istanbul to the sun-soaked beaches of Antalya, many wonder: is Turkey a good place to live? This question has gained increasing attention as more people seek affordable and exciting destinations to call home.

Turkey offers a unique blend of Eastern and Western influences, making it an intriguing option for those looking to relocate. This article explores the various aspects of life in Turkey, including obtaining residency, housing options, transportation, language barriers, and the expat experience. By examining these factors, readers can gain valuable insights to help them decide if Turkey aligns with their lifestyle goals and expectations for a new home abroad.

Obtaining Residency in Turkey

For individuals planning to stay in Turkey for more than three months within a six-month period, obtaining a residence permit is essential. This official authorization allows foreigners to live in the country legally and access various services and opportunities.

Types of Residency Permits

Turkey offers several types of residence permits to cater to different purposes and durations of stay:

Short-term Residence Permit: This is the most sought-after permit, suitable for various purposes such as scientific research, establishing business connections, participating in training programs, tourism, medical treatment, and attending Turkish language courses.
Family Residence Permit: Granted to foreign spouses of Turkish nationals, their minor children, and dependent foreign children. The sponsor must demonstrate sufficient income to support the applicants.
Student Residence Permit: Issued to individuals enrolling in primary, secondary, or higher education institutions in Turkey. This permit is not necessary for those who already hold a family residence permit.
Long-term Residence Permit: Available to those who have resided in Turkey continuously for at least eight years under a valid residence permit. This permit has indefinite validity.
Humanitarian Residence Permit: Issued to individuals in Turkey without a valid visa or residence permit, but against whom no deportation decision has been made. It also applies to those awaiting deportation or unable to return to their country due to emergency reasons.
Residence Permit for Victims of Human Trafficking: Specifically designed for individuals who have been victims of human trafficking and are currently in Turkey.

Check out our page on Turkish citizenship by investment programme to learn about what you can get with real estate investment in Turkey.

Housing Options in Turkey

Turkey offers a diverse range of housing options for both locals and expats. From bustling city centers to tranquil coastal towns, the country provides a variety of choices to suit different lifestyles and preferences.

See our Istanbul Real Estate page for more details.

Renting vs Buying

When considering housing in Turkey, individuals often face the decision of whether to rent or buy property. Both options have their advantages and potential drawbacks, influenced by personal circumstances, financial standing, and long-term goals.

Renting offers flexibility, allowing individuals to easily relocate without the complexities of selling a property. It typically requires a security deposit and monthly rent payments, with landlords usually covering major maintenance and repairs. This option is particularly suitable for those who anticipate frequent moves due to career changes or a desire to explore different areas.

Buying property, on the other hand, involves a substantial initial investment, including down payments, property taxes, and transaction fees. Homeowners must budget for ongoing expenses like maintenance, repairs, and potential upgrades. However, purchasing a property in Turkey can offer stability and the opportunity to build equity over time. Many foreign investors are drawn to the potential for stable income from renting homes or apartments, in addition to the capital growth brought on by rising real estate prices.

Popular Expat Areas

Turkey boasts several popular areas that attract expats and foreign residents. These locations offer a blend of cultural experiences, modern amenities, and often stunning natural landscapes.

Istanbul, where Europe and Asia meet, stands out as a haven for real estate investments. The city’s unique position and diverse offerings make it attractive for both living and investment purposes.

Also see: Can foreigners buy property in Istanbul?

Antalya, on the Mediterranean coast, has seen significant growth in population and wealth over the past decade. It has become one of the richest cities in the eastern Mediterranean, attracting young professionals and offering modern apartments for rent.

Fethiye, known for its sand beaches and historical sites, is popular among families and couples seeking a relaxing environment close to well-known beaches, particularly in the Oludeniz area.

Bodrum has gained popularity among various groups, including Turkish politicians, international celebrities, expats, and Turkish professionals who work remotely. Its appeal lies in its beautiful coastline and vibrant atmosphere.

Alanya, situated on Turkey’s far eastern Mediterranean coast, has grown in popularity due to its combination of stunning beaches and warm climate. It offers an affordable lifestyle, making it attractive for those seeking a comfortable beachside living without straining their finances.

Real Estate Market

Turkey’s residential real estate market has been experiencing significant growth and development. The market size was estimated at USD 99.05 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 168.11 billion by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 11.16% during the forecast period.

The country has seen a trend towards urban living and modern amenities. Developers are focusing on creating mixed-use projects that combine residential, commercial, and recreational spaces in one location. High-rise apartment buildings with luxurious amenities and gated communities are gaining popularity.

Government initiatives have played a role in stimulating the sector, including reduced taxes on property purchases and citizenship opportunities for foreign investors who buy real estate in the country. These measures have attracted both local and international investors, leading to an increase in real estate transactions and property prices.

The real estate market in Turkey has also benefited from underlying macroeconomic factors such as stable economic growth, low inflation, and low interest rates. The availability of mortgage loans and flexible payment options has made it easier for individuals to purchase properties.

Transportation and Infrastructure

Public Transit Systems

Turkey boasts a comprehensive and efficient public transportation network that caters to both locals and tourists. The country’s intercity private bus network forms the backbone of its transport system, offering comfortable rides with amenities such as reclining seats, hostess service, and in some cases, airline-quality service with single seats and headsets. These busses connect major population centers regularly, with reasonable fares and online ticket reservation options.

The Turkish State Railways (TCDD) has been developing high-speed rail lines since 2003, branded as Yüksek Hızlı Tren (YHT). Currently, YHT operates on two main lines: the Ankara–Istanbul and Ankara–Konya high-speed railways. In 2019, services expanded to include the Halkalı railway station on Istanbul’s European side, utilizing the Marmaray railway tunnel beneath the Bosphorus strait.

Within cities, local authorities provide frequent and affordable bus services. Metro systems have been developing over the years, particularly in major cities like Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Eskisehir, and Adana. Istanbul boasts the most extensive tram and metro network, which continues to expand.

For coastal cities like Izmir and Istanbul, ferries offer a pleasant and economical way to navigate the city. Istanbul also features high-speed seabus services for longer routes, such as to the Princes Islands.

The dolmuş, a local minibus/taxi service, is available in every Turkish city and town. This affordable and orderly system allows users to hop on and off easily, making intra-city travel convenient.

Road Conditions

Turkey’s road network has seen significant improvements over the past decade, particularly on major intercity routes. The condition of larger intercity roads is generally very good, making road trips an excellent option for exploring the country’s diverse landscapes and archeological sites.

Drivers should exercise caution when venturing off main roads in rural areas, especially in mountainous regions. These areas often feature narrow stretches, sharp curves, and steep descents that may not be adequately secured. Hazard spots, construction sites, and animal crossings are rarely marked in these regions.

Turkish drivers frequently use their horns to alert other road users, which should be interpreted as a friendly reminder rather than an insult. Outside cities, drivers may encounter vehicles that don’t meet common standards, particularly in terms of lighting, posing potential dangers at night.

Speed limits in Turkey are 50 km/h within urban areas, 90 km/h outside urban areas, and 120 km/h on motorways. All vehicle occupants must wear seat belts, and the use of mobile phones while driving is only permitted with hands-free devices.

Internet and Utilities

Turkey has made significant strides in internet connectivity over the past decade. As of 2021, 92% of households had access to broadband internet connections. The popularity of smartphones has further increased internet accessibility, with mobile internet user penetration reaching approximately 82% in 2023.

Fixed broadband is available in about 61.9% of households, while 88.5% have access to mobile broadband. The country boasts 88.5 million mobile subscriptions for broadband use. Fiber optic solutions providers are gaining market access as Turk Telekom, TTNet, and other ISPs invest in infrastructure improvements.

The internet has become an integral part of daily life for many Turkish people, with 83% of users going online regularly as of 2022. The primary reason for internet use in 2023 was to connect with others via messaging, calling, or social networks.

Turkey’s telecommunications regulator is committed to ensuring greater broadband access, as outlined in its 2019-2023 strategic plan. The broadband market, including xDSL, fiber, and cable, currently has 18.2 million subscriptions and is expected to grow to 23 million within the next decade.

Turkish Language and Communication

Importance of learning Turkish

Learning Turkish offers numerous benefits for expatriates settling in Turkey. It facilitates everyday interactions and opens doors to a deeper cultural understanding and integration. Mastering the local language enhances career opportunities, fosters meaningful connections, and empowers individuals to navigate administrative tasks with greater confidence.

By committing to learn Turkish, expats can transform their stay from merely living abroad to truly feeling at home. It enables them to engage more authentically with Turkish traditions, festivities, and day-to-day customs, fostering a genuine sense of belonging. Breaking down language barriers demonstrates respect for the local culture and positions expats as active and considerate members of their new community.

Proficiency in Turkish significantly amplifies career prospects and business connections. Many Turkish companies and international firms operating in Turkey value employees who can communicate effortlessly with local clients, partners, and colleagues. Understanding cultural nuances embedded in the language ensures more effective and culturally sensitive communication, paving the way for successful business negotiations and partnerships.

Learning Turkish also grants seamless access to a rich array of educational resources and local media. It enables expatriates to tap into academic content available in Turkish universities, research publications, and libraries. Understanding Turkish allows expats to enjoy local news, television programs, movies, and literature, providing a more nuanced grasp of Turkey’s cultural and societal dynamics.

Language schools

For those looking to learn Turkish, there are numerous language schools and courses available across Turkey. Popular destinations for learning Turkish include Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya, and Ankara.

Istanbul offers a wide range of options with 6 schools providing 44 courses. Izmir has 3 schools offering 18 courses, while Antalya boasts 3 schools with 10 courses starting at USD 95.00. Ankara has 1 school offering 2 courses with a starting price of USD 108.00.

These schools offer various types of Turkish courses:

General Turkish courses for adults aiming to improve speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills. These courses typically last 2-48 weeks, with an average of 30 classes per week.
Turkish test preparation courses for students preparing for Turkish proficiency tests to enhance job prospects or gain university admission.
One-to-one business Turkish lessons for executives and professionals seeking rapid language acquisition with customized lessons and private teachers.
Specialty Turkish courses combining language learning with activities such as sports, arts, and food.

English prevalence

While learning Turkish is highly beneficial, it’s worth noting that English is the most widely spoken foreign language in Turkey. The country has been investing heavily in English language education, resulting in English proficiency rates of 15% – 20% of the Turkish population.

English is particularly prevalent in urban areas and tourist destinations. Istanbul, as the largest city and a hub for international business and tourism, has a high concentration of English speakers. Other urban areas such as Ankara, Izmir, and Antalya also have significant English-speaking populations.

Many universities in Turkey offer English-language programs, attracting students from around the world. This has contributed to the growth of English usage in academic settings. Additionally, English has become increasingly visible in daily life, with street signs, advertisements, and even TV shows available in English.

While Turkish remains the primary language, the growing prevalence of English reflects Turkey’s increasing openness to the global community. However, learning Turkish still offers unique advantages for expats seeking deeper cultural immersion and broader opportunities within the country.

Leisure and Entertainment in Turkey

Turkey offers a diverse range of leisure and entertainment options, catering to various interests and preferences. From exploring ancient historical sites to engaging in thrilling outdoor activities and experiencing vibrant nightlife, Turkey has something for everyone.

Historical Sites

Turkey boasts an impressive array of historical sites that span multiple eras and civilizations. The country’s rich history has left behind numerous impressive ruins and archeological sites that continue to captivate visitors. Some of the most notable historical sites include:

Hagia Sophia: Located in the heart of Istanbul’s Old City, this iconic building has served as a church, mosque, and museum throughout its long history.
Ephesus: This sprawling ancient city on the Aegean coast features well-preserved Roman-era ruins, including the impressive Library of Celsus and the Theater of Ephesus.
Cappadocia: Known for its unique landscape of fairy chimneys and rock formations, Cappadocia also houses ancient cave dwellings and churches. The Göreme Open-Air Museum showcases rock-cut churches adorned with frescoes.
Mount Nemrut: This archeological site features colossal statues and the tomb of King Antiochus I of Commagene, offering breathtaking views, especially at sunrise and sunset.
Troy: The ancient city immortalized in Homer’s “The Iliad” allows visitors to explore ruins and a reconstructed wooden horse, bringing legendary tales to life.

Outdoor Activities

Turkey’s diverse landscapes provide ample opportunities for outdoor enthusiasts to engage in various activities:

Hot Air Ballooning: Cappadocia offers a unique experience of floating over its fairy chimneys and limestone spires, providing panoramic views of the region.
Water Sports: The country’s extensive coastline along the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas offers excellent conditions for scuba diving, white water rafting, windsurfing, and kiteboarding.
Paragliding: Oludeniz Beach, near the Blue Lagoon, has become a popular spot for tandem paragliding, offering breathtaking views of the coastline.
Skiing: Turkey’s mountainous regions, particularly near Istanbul, Ankara, and Erzurum, feature ski resorts with excellent facilities for winter sports enthusiasts.
Hiking and Mountain Biking: The rugged terrains of Cappadocia and other mountainous regions provide opportunities for exciting hiking and mountain biking adventures.

Nightlife and Social Scene

Turkey’s cities, especially Istanbul, are renowned for their vibrant nightlife and social scenes:

Bosphorus Cruise: A popular evening activity in Istanbul, offering stunning views of the illuminated city skyline while enjoying dinner and live music.
Taksim Square and Istiklal Street: The heart of Istanbul’s nightlife, packed with bars, nightclubs, and restaurants catering to various tastes.
Beach Clubs: Coastal cities like Bodrum, Cesme, and Antalya feature upscale beach clubs that offer daytime partying extending into the night.
Traditional Entertainment: Many cities offer cultural experiences such as whirling dervish shows and Turkish night shows featuring folk dances, music, and belly dancing.
Pub Crawls: Guided tours in cities like Istanbul allow visitors to explore multiple pubs and bars, enjoying free drinks and games along the way.

Turkey’s leisure and entertainment options cater to a wide range of interests, from history enthusiasts and adventure seekers to those looking for vibrant nightlife experiences. The country’s unique blend of ancient traditions and modern trends creates a dynamic and engaging atmosphere for both locals and tourists alike.

Banking and Finances in Turkey

Opening a Bank Account

Opening a bank account in Turkey is relatively straightforward for foreigners, especially for those who are official residents. Many major banks offer specific expat banking services, including online and mobile banking in English, English-speaking customer service at select branches, and the option to open an account with a Foreigner’s Identification Number.

For non-residents, the process can be more complex but still possible. Banks may be more accommodating if the individual is depositing a large amount of cash or opening a foreign currency account. The main requirement is obtaining a Republic of Türkiye Tax Identification Number or a Turkish Foreigners Identity Number, which is necessary for most banks to open an account.

Some of the largest Turkish retail banks that offer services tailored to international clients include:

Isbank: Turkey’s largest bank with several branches outside the country
Garanti Bankası: Known for providing English-speaking staff in most branches
Akbank: Offers specific expat and multinational banking products
Yapı Kredi: Provides specialist accounts and bank cards for international customers

When opening an account, applicants typically need to provide a national passport or Turkish ID, a tax identification number, and proof of address. Some banks may require additional documents such as a certificate of ownership or a lease agreement.

Currency and Exchange Rates

The official currency of Turkey is the Turkish lira (₺), issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye. Its code is TRY, and each lira can be divided into 100 kuruş. As of the latest exchange rate, 1 euro is worth approximately 35 lira.

Turkish currency consists of various coins and banknotes:

Coins: 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 kuruş, and 1 lira
Banknotes: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 Turkish lira

While cash is still widely used, card payments are becoming increasingly common and are recommended for tourists due to their safety. For small expenses in grocery stores, markets, or public transport, cash is often preferred.

When exchanging currency in Turkey, it’s advisable to:

Use official foreign exchange counters, which are common in cities and often offer favorable rates without commission
Avoid exchanging money at hotels or airports, as they typically offer less favorable rates
Compare rates at different locations, as they can vary significantly
Exchange money during weekdays when banks are open, as rates tend to be better

Cost of Living Comparison

Turkey generally offers a lower cost of living compared to many Western countries. According to recent data, Turkey is approximately 52.8% cheaper than the United States across various expense categories:

Restaurants: 59.7% less expensive
Groceries: 63.0% less expensive
Transportation: 19.7% less expensive
Housing: 76.3% less expensive
Childcare: 76.8% less expensive
Entertainment and sports: 59.3% less expensive
Clothing: 15.1% less expensive

These significant cost differences make Turkey an attractive destination for expats and retirees looking to stretch their budgets further. However, it’s important to note that costs can vary depending on the specific city or region within Turkey, with popular tourist destinations and larger cities generally being more expensive than rural areas.

Expat Communities in Turkey

Turkey has become an increasingly popular destination for expatriates, offering a unique blend of Eastern and Western cultures, rich history, and diverse landscapes. The country’s expat communities are thriving, particularly in major cities and coastal areas, providing support and social connections for newcomers.

Popular Expat Cities

Several Turkish cities have emerged as favored locations for expats, each offering its own unique attractions and lifestyle opportunities:

Istanbul: As Turkey’s largest and most developed metropolis, Istanbul attracts the highest number of foreigners. It serves as the country’s economic and historical center, offering high-quality educational and healthcare options. The city’s multicultural atmosphere and vibrant cultural scene make it an ideal choice for expats seeking urban living with a rich historical backdrop.
Ankara: The capital city is popular among expats due to its numerous embassies and international organizations. As Turkey’s second-largest city, Ankara boasts some of the country’s best universities and advanced industrial activity, providing ample job opportunities for foreigners.
Izmir: This coastal city on the Aegean coast is ideal for those seeking a more relaxed lifestyle in a large metropolis. Izmir offers a wide variety of outdoor activities, including skiing and water sports, along with easy access to healthcare and educational services.
Antalya: Known for its beautiful beaches and warm climate, Antalya is a favorite among retirees and those looking for a blend of resort town amenities and city life. The city offers a range of international cuisine options and has a population of over a million.
Bodrum: Famous for its nightlife and stunning coastline, Bodrum attracts expats seeking a luxurious lifestyle. The city offers Aegean Sea views, modern homes, and marinas, making it a popular choice for those who enjoy high standards of living.

Social Groups and Networks

Expat communities in Turkey have developed various social groups and networks to help newcomers settle in and connect with like-minded individuals:

Online Platforms: Social media groups, forums, and websites cater specifically to expats, offering advice, social events, and support. These platforms serve as valuable resources for information on local services, paperwork assistance, and cultural adaptation.
Expat Clubs and Associations: Many cities have clubs and associations where expats can participate in social activities, cultural events, and networking opportunities. These organizations often organize regular meet-ups, language exchange programs, and cultural festivals.
InterNations Community: InterNations, an international network for expats, has an active presence in Turkey. They organize online and in-person events, helping expats connect with others who share similar interests and experiences.
Educational Institutions: International schools and universities often serve as hubs for expat communities, providing opportunities for families and students to connect and share experiences.

Integration Challenges

While life in Turkey can be a rewarding experience for expats, it comes with its own set of challenges:

Language Barrier: Learning Turkish is crucial for smoother integration into Turkish society. Many expats find that making an effort to learn the local language significantly enhances their daily interactions and overall experience.
Cultural Differences: Understanding and respecting local traditions and customs is essential for successful integration. Expats may need to adapt to different social norms and business practices.
Bureaucratic Processes: Navigating administrative tasks, such as obtaining residency permits or accessing healthcare services, can be complex. Many expat communities offer support and guidance in these areas.
Social Acceptance: While many Turkish cities are welcoming to foreigners, some expats may face challenges in gaining full social acceptance, particularly in more conservative areas.
Economic Integration: Finding employment or starting a business as a foreigner can be challenging, especially for those who are not fluent in Turkish.

Despite these challenges, many expats find that the rich cultural experiences, warm hospitality, and unique lifestyle opportunities in Turkey outweigh the difficulties of integration. The growing expat communities across the country continue to provide valuable support networks, helping newcomers navigate their new lives in Turkey.

Conclusion

Turkey offers a unique blend of Eastern and Western influences, making it an appealing destination for expats and retirees. The country’s rich history, diverse landscapes, and vibrant culture contribute to its allure. From obtaining residency to finding suitable housing and navigating transportation systems, Turkey provides a range of options to suit different lifestyles and preferences.

Learning Turkish can greatly enhance the expat experience, allowing for deeper cultural immersion and broader opportunities. While English is widely spoken in urban areas, mastering the local language opens doors to meaningful connections and career prospects. Turkey’s lower cost of living compared to many Western countries, coupled with its thriving expat communities, makes it an attractive choice for those seeking a new home abroad. In the end, whether Turkey is a good place to live depends on individual preferences and circumstances, but it undoubtedly has much to offer to those willing to embrace its unique character.

FAQs

What are some disadvantages of living in Turkey?
One significant disadvantage is the difficulty in finding employment. Foreigners must obtain a work permit, which can be challenging as the employer needs to demonstrate that the job cannot be filled by a Turkish citizen.
How suitable is Turkey for American expatriates?
Turkey offers a diverse environment that blends Eastern and Western cultures, making it an attractive place for expats. Americans can enjoy a Mediterranean lifestyle, relax on beautiful beaches, or immerse themselves in the vibrant life of ancient cities with traditional markets.
Does Turkey offer a high quality of life?
Known for its rich history, diverse culture, and stunning landscapes, Turkey provides a unique and appealing quality of life to its residents and visitors.